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ÇöÇà ÅëÈ­Á¦µµÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû Çü¼º°úÁ¤ 

 

ħÆÒÁöÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÎÀÚ´Â 99%°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ °Í°ú °°´Ù. ħÆÒÁö´Â ±×·¯³ª ¸Ô°í»ì±â À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀÚ±ÞÀÚÁ·ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àηùµµ ¿ø½Ã½Ã´ë¿¡¼­´Â ħÆÒÁöó·³ ÀÚ±ÞÀÚÁ·ÇßÀ½À» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯´Ù°¡ ¹®¸íÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿© Ã̶ôÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î °øµ¿»ýȰÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó Àηù´Â ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ »ý»êÇÏ´Â ÀÚ±ÞÀÚÁ· º¸´Ù »ý»êÇÑ °ÍÀ» Çʿ信 µû¶ó ¼­·Î ±³È¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸´Ù »îÀ» dzÁ·ÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. À̸®ÇÏ¿© ±³È¯°ú ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºÐ¾÷ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô Á¤ÂøÀÌ µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

 

±×·±µ¥ ±³È¯À» ¸Å°³ÇÏ´Â µ·ÀÌ Ã·ºÎÅÍ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾ÖÃÊ¿¡´Â ±³È¯ÀÌ ¹°¹°±³È¯ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë ¸ñÃàÀ» ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¹°ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇѵ¥ »ó·ù¿¡¼­ °³¿ï¹°ÀÇ È帧À» °­¾ÐÀûÀ¸·Î Àå¾ÇÇÑ ºÒÇÑ´çÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ¿© ¼ö·Î¸¦ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÃàÀåÀ¸·Î µ¹¸®°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í ´ë½Å »ó·ùÀÇ ±× ºÒÇÑ´ç¿¡°Ô °¡Ãà ¸î ¸¶¸®¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ´ë½Å ¹°²¿¸¦ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÀåÀ¸·Î Æ®°Ô ÇÏ´Â Á¦¾ÈÀ» Çß´Ù. 

 

ºÒÇÑ´çÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­µµ ¹°²¿¸¦ Æ¢¾îÁÖ´Â ´ë½Å °¡ÃàÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ½Ä·®À» È®º¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡ÃàÀ» °­Å»ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ³ªÀ½À» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÇ¾î ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇ´Â ¹°¹°±³È¯À» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹°¹°±³È¯ÀÌ »ó´ë¹æ ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô À¯¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸ ³»°¡ °¡Áø °ÍÀº »ó´ë¹æÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ°í »ó´ë°¡ °¡Áø °ÍÀº ³»°¡ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¾ß ¼º¸³µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±³È¯ÀÇ »ó´ë¸¦ ã´Â °ÍÀÌ ½±Áö ¾Ê´Â ºÒÆíÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 

 

±×·¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ì¼± ´©±¸³ª ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â, Áï ¼ö¿ä°¡ ¸¹Àº °î½Ä, ¼Ò±Ý, ´ã¹è, µî°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ »ý»êÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±³È¯ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ À̰ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Í°ú ±³È¯ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏ´Â ÁöÇý¸¦ Å͵æÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±³È¯ÀÇ ¸Å°³·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ °î½Ä, ¼Ò±Ý, ´ã¹è¿Í ±Ý, Àº°ú °°Àº ±Í±Ý¼ÓÀÌ Â÷Ãû ±³È¯ÀÇ ¸Å°³¹°·Î Á¤ÂøÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¹°Ç°È­Æó(commodity money)ÀÇ ±â¿øÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾ÖÃÊ¿¡´Â ¿©·¯ °¡ÁöÀÇ ¹°Ç°È­Æó°¡ ±³È¯ÀÇ ¸Å°³¹°·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Ù°¡ ±× Áß¿¡¼­ ¿î¹Ý°ú º¸°ü, ÃøÁ¤°ú ´ëü°¡´É¼º(ǰÁúÀÌ ±ÕÀÏÇÏ¿© »ý»êÀÚ°¡ ´©±¸ÀÌµç º° ½Å°æÀ» ¾µ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Â °Í)ÀÌ °¡Àå ³ôÀº ±Ý°ú Àº °°Àº ±Í±Ý¼ÓÀÌ ¿À´Ã ³¯ ¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº µ·À¸·Î »ç¿ëÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù. 

 

±×·±µ¥ ±Ý°ú Àºµµ ´ë·®ÀÇ °Å·¡¸¦ ÇÒ °æ¿ì ¿î¹Ý°ú º¸°ü, ¹«°ÔÀÇ ÃøÁ¤ µîÀÇ  ºÒÆíÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ÀÌÀÇ ÇØ°áÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ´ëÇàÇØÁÖ´Â ¼ÒÀ§ ±Ýº¸°ü¼Ò(Gold Smith)°¡ µîÀåÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Â÷Ãû ±Ýº¸°ü¼Ò¸¦ ½Å·ÚÇÏ°Ô µÇÀÚ ¹°°ÇÀ» ÆÈ ¶§ ±Ý ´ë½Å ¹ÞÀº º¸°üÁõÀ» ±Ý°ú ±³È¯À» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¹°°ÇÀ» »ì °æ¿ì ±× º¸°üÁõÀ» ±×´ë·Î »ç¿ëÇØµµ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾øÀ½À» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±Ý º¸°üÁõ°ú À̸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ´Â ±Ý º¸°ü¼Ò°¡ ¹Ù·Î ¿À´Ã ³¯ ¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÁöÆó¿Í ÀºÇàÀÇ ±â¿øÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ±Ý º¸°ü¼Ò´Â °í°´ÀÌ º¸°üÁõÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í ±ÝÀ» ã¾Æ°¡´Â °æ¿ì°¡ Àüü º¸°ü·®ÀÇ 10% Á¤µµµµ ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °æÇèÀ¸·Î ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±ÝÀ» º¸°üÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ ÀÌÀÚ¸¦ ¹Þ´Â ´ë½Å º¸°üÁõÀ» ¹ßÇàÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ½Å¿ëÈ­Æó·Î ±Ý°ú °°Àº ¾î¶² °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â È­ÆóÀÇ ¹ßÇàÀÌ ÀÌ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. 

 

ÀÌÁ¦ ±Ý º¸°ü¼Ò´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î º¸°üÀ» ÀÇ·Ú¹ÞÀº ¾ç º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ±Ý º¸°üÁõ, Áï ÁöÆó¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ¿© À̵æÀ» ÃëÇÏ´Â ±ÝÀ¶±â°üÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ ¹®Á¦´Â ÁøÂ¥ ±Ý º¸°üÀ» À§Å¹ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸ÕÀú ±ÝÀ» ã¾Æ°¡±â Àü¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±ÝÀ» ã±â À§ÇØ ¸ðµÎ ±Ý º¸°ü¼Ò·Î ´Þ·Á°¡´Â ¼ÒÀ§ ¹ðÅ©·±(bank-run) Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. °á±¹ Á¤ºÎ°¡ °³ÀÔÇÏ¿© º¸°üÇÑ ±ÝÀÇ ¼ö·®À» ÃʰúÇÑ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¼öÁرîÁö ±Ý º¸°üÁõ, Áï ÅëÈ­¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ´ø °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ±Ý º»À§ ÅëÈ­Á¦µµ·Î 19 ¼¼±â ÀÌÈÄ ¼¼°è °¢±¹ÀÌ Ã¤ÅÃÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÅëÈ­Á¦µµ À̾ú´Ù. 

 

±×·¯³ª 1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ¹ß¹ß·Î ÀüºñÁ¶´ÞÀ» À§ÇÑ ¹«ºÐº°ÇÑ ÅëÈ­·® Áõ°¡·Î ÅëÈ­°¡Ä¡°¡ Æø¶ôÇÑ °á°ú Çü½Ä¿¡ ±×ÃÆ´ø °¢±¹ÀÇ ±Ýº»À§ Á¦µµ´Â 1944³â ºê·¹Åæ¿ìµå ÇùÁ¤(Bretton Woods Agreement)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±ÝÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ì±¹ ´Þ·¯¿Í ¿¬°èÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹Ì±¹¸¸ÀÌ ±Ý º¸À¯·®¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ´Þ·¯¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±Ýº»À§Á¦µµ·Î ³²°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹«¿ªÀûÀÚ·Î ÀÎÇÑ ±ÝÀÇ À¯ÃâÀ» °¨´çÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ¹Ì±¹Àº 1971³â ´Ð½¼ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ¼±¾ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¶Áö¸· ³²Àº ¹Ì±¹ ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ±Ý ÅÂȯµµ »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÌÈÄ ¼¼°è °¢±¹ÀÇ ÅëÈ­Á¦µµ´Â ¾î¶² °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ÀüÇô °ü°è°¡ ¾øÀÌ Çã°øÁß¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇàµÇ´Â ÅëÈ­Á¦µµ, Áï ¸í¸ñÈ­Æó(Fiat Money)Á¦µµ·Î ¹Ù²ï °ÍÀÌ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ÅëÈ­Á¦µµÀÌ´Ù. 

 

¸í¸ñÈ­Æó Á¦µµ°¡ ÅëÈ­¸¦ âÃâÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. ¿ì¼± Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±¹Ã¤¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇϰí ÀÌ ±¹Ã¤¸¦ ÀμöÇÑ Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀº À̸¦ ±Ù°Å·Î ÇÏ¿© Çö±Ý(cash) ȤÀº Çö±ÝÀÇ ÀüÀÚÀû ÇüÅÂÀÎ º»¿øÅëÈ­(reserve)¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÑ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ±Ýº»À§Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀº ÀÌµé µ·À» ¾î¶² °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í°úÀÇ ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾øÀÌ Çã°ø¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇàÇÑ´Ù. 

 

¿©±â¿¡ ½ÃÁßÀºÇàÀº ÀÌ º»¿øÅëÈ­¿Í Çö±ÝÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î ÇÏ¿© ÀÌ µ·ÀÇ 10 ¹è ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â µ·À» ¹ßÇàÇÑ´Ù(ºÎºÐÁöºÒÁغñ±ÝÁ¦µµ, fractional reserve system). ÀÌ µ·ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î µ¶ÀÚ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ÀºÇà°èÁ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼ýÀÚ, Áï ¿¹±ÝÅëÈ­(Bank deposit)·Î Àüü ÅëÈ­·®ÀÇ 97%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â, 

 

¿ì¸®°¡ Åë»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â µ·ÀÌ´Ù. ÅëÈ­Áõ¹ßÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â ±¹Ã¤´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì ¸¸±â ¶§ ¿ø±ÝÀ» »óÈ¯ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì À̸¦ À§ÇØ ¶Ç´Ù½Ã ±¹Ã¤¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºÎä´Â ÀÏ´Ü ¹ß»ýÇϸé Á»Ã³·³ ÁÙ¾îµéÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϸé Áß¾ÓÀºÇà°ú ½ÃÁßÀºÇàÀÌ Çù·ÂÇÏ¿© Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¿øÇÏ¸é ¸¶À½´ë·Î Çã°ø¿¡¼­ µ·À» ¹ßÇàÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿À´Ã ³¯ ¼¼°è °¢±¹ÀÌ Ã¤ÅÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸í¸ñÈ­Æó ÅëÈ­Á¦µµÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç ¿ì¸®³ª¶óÀÇ °¡°è ¹× ±â¾÷ÀÇ ºÎä°¡ °¢°¢ ¿¬°£ GDP¸¦ ÃʰúÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í Çϴµ¥ ±×·³ ±× µ·À» ´©°¡ ºô·ÁÁÖ¾ú´Â°¡? 

 

ÀÌ¹Ì ¼³¸íÇÑ´ë·Î À̰ÍÀº ´©°¡ ºô·ÁÁØ µ·ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ Áß¾ÓÀºÇà°ú ½ÃÁßÀºÇàÀÌ Çù·ÂÇÏ¿© Âï¾î³½ µ·ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î³½ ºÎäÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀεéÀº Èûµé°Ô ÀúÃàÇØ¼­ ¸ðÀº µ·À» ºô·ÁÁÖ°í ÀÌÀÚ¸¦ ¹ÞÁö¸¸ ½ÃÁßÀºÇàÀº Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀÇ Áö¿ø¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çã°ø¿¡¼­ µ·À» Âï¾î³»¾î ±×°ÍÀ» ºô·ÁÁÖ°í ÀÌÀÚ ¼öÀÔÀ» ¹ö´Â ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ºÒ°øÆòÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÇöÇà ÅëÈ­Á¦µµÀÌ´Ù. 

 

ÇöÇàÅëÈ­Á¦µµ¿Í °æ±â¼øÈ¯ ÀÌ·Ð(The boom and bust economic cycle)

 

Çѱ¹ÀºÇàÀÇ Åë°è¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Áö³­ 20³â°£ ¿ì¸®³ª¶óÀÇ ÅëÈ­·®(M2 ±âÁØ)Àº ¾à 4 ¹è·Î Áõ°¡ÇßÀ¸¸ç À۳⿡´Â Àü¿ù¿¡ ºñÇØ ¸Å¿ù Æò±Õ ¾à 0.8~1.0%ÀÇ ¼Óµµ·Î ÅëÈ­·®ÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. 

 

ÀÌ·± ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÅëÈ­·® Áõ°¡´Â ÄÉÀÎÁî À̷п¡ µû¸¥ °æÁ¦ Ȱ¼ºÈ­, ÀçÁ¤ÀûÀÚÀÇ ÇØ°á, ´ëÇü ±¹Ã¥»ç¾÷, ¼±°Åö Ç¥¸¦ ÀǽÄÇÑ °¢Á¾ÀÇ »çȸ°£Á¢ÀÚº» ÅõÀÚ, ±×¸®°í ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ µé¾î Äڷγª-19 ¹æ¿ª¿¡ µû¸¥ Á¦4Â÷ Àç³­ Áö¿ø±Ý°ú °°Àº ¼±½É¼º Áö¿ø±Ý µîÀÌ ±× ¿øÃµÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ½ÃÁßÀºÇàÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¹Î°£°ú ±â¾÷ÀÇ ´ëÃâ¾Æ ÇÕ¼¼ÇÏ¿© ÅëÈ­·®Àº ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿À´Ã ³¯ÀÇ Çö½ÇÀÌ´Ù. 

 

ÀÌó·³ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÅëÈ­·® Áõ°¡´Â ¾î¶² °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ã±î? ÅëÈ­·®ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¸é ¹°°¡°¡ ¿À¸£´Âµ¥ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼ÒºñÀçÀÇ ¼ö¿ä´Â ±Þ°ÝÇÑ º¯È­°¡ ¾ø´Â ¹Ý¸é Ç®¸° µ·Àº ÁÖ·Î ÀÚ»ê(ÁÖ½Ä, ºÎµ¿»ê µî)½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î À¯ÀԵǾî ÀÚ»ê °¡°ÝÀÇ »ó½Â½ÃŲ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ºÎµ¿»ê°ú Áֽİ¡°ÝÀÇ ÆøµîÀÌ ±× »ç·ÊÀÌ´Ù. ÅëÈ­·® Áõ°¡´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±Ý¸® Ç϶ôÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ¿© ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ ½Ã°£¼±È£µµ(time preference, ½ÃÀå ±Ý¸®, Áï ½ÃÀåÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ±ÝÀ¶°Å·¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇ´Â ÀÌÀÚ·Î Áö±Ý ´çÀå ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í ÀúÃàÀ» ÇÏ´Â ´ë°¡·Î ³ªÁß¿¡ È®º¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ´õ ¸¹Àº ¾¸¾¸ÀÌ)º¸´Ù ³·Àº ±Ý¸®´Â ÀúÃàÀÇ ¸Å·ÂÀ» ÀÒ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ÀúÃà, Áï ÀÚº»ÃàÀûÀ» ÀúÇØÇÑ´Ù. 

 

¹Ý¸é Àú±Ý¸®´Â ±â¾÷°¡·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Ÿ´ç¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â ½Ã¾÷¿¡ÀÇ ÅõÀÚ À¯ÀÎÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ±× °á°ú ÀϽÃÀû ȣȲÀ» °á°úÇÏÁö¸¸ À̰ÍÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ Ç®¸° µ· ¶§¹®¿¡ ÃßÈÄ ¹°°¡¿Í ±Ý¸®°¡ ÀλóµÉ °æ¿ì »ç¾÷ÀÇ Å¸´ç¼ºÀ» ÀÒ°Ô µÇ´Â Á»ºñ ±â¾÷ÀÇ Åº»ý°ú ȣȲ¿¡ ÀÌÀº ºÒȲÀÇ °æ±â¼øÈ¯À» ÃËÁøÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Çö»óÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ °æÁ¦ÇÐÆÄ°¡ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °æ±â ¼øÈ¯ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù(boom and bust economic cycle). º¸´Ù ´õ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â Ç®¸° µ·À» ¸ÕÀú È®º¸ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ °¡°ÝÀÌ ¿À¸£±â Àü¿¡ ÀçÈ­, ÁÖ·Î ÀÚ»êÀ» ±¸ÀÔÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌÈÄ ÀÚ»ê °¡°ÝÀÇ »ó½ÂÀ¸·Î À̵æÀ» º¸´Â ¹Ý¸é ±× Ç®¸° µ·À» ³ªÁß¿¡ È®º¸Çϰųª ¾Æ¿¹ È®º¸ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ °èÃþÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¿À¸¥ °¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÚ»êÀ» ±¸ÀÔÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡  ¼ÕÇØ¸¦ º¸°Ô µÇ¾î ºÎÀÇ ºÒÆòµî(inequality)À» ½ÉÈ­½ÃŲ´Ù(Cantillon Effect).  

 

±Ç·ÂÀÇ Æ÷Çø®Áò °æÁ¦Á¤Ã¥°ú Áý´Ü ºÎÆÐ¸¦ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÇöÇà ÅëÈ­Á¦µµ

 

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¸¹Àº ±¹¹ÎµéÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¾¸¾¸À̰¡ ¿ì¼±Àº Àڽŵ鿡°Ô µµ¿òÀ» Áشٴ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡¼­ ±× ÀÌÈÄ ´ÚÄ¥ °æÁ¦Ä§Ã¼¿Í Áõ¼¼¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ºÎ¸¦ ħŻÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ð¸£°Å³ª °æ½ÃÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÁöÁö¸¦ º¸³½´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¾î¶² »ç»ó, Á¤Ã¥, ±×¸®°í öÇÐÀº ±× ºÐ¾ßÀÇ Àü¹®°¡ÀÇ ¸òÀÌ°í ´ëÁßÀº Àü¹®°¡°¡ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âù¹ÝÀÇ ÀÇ»ç Ç¥½Ã¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­¸¸ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ »ÓÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¸í¸ñÈ­Æó ÅëÈ­Á¦µµ°¡ °¡Áø ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀº ½ÃÀåÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ÅëÈ­Á¦µµ(¿¹ÄÁ´ë ±Ýº»À§Á¦µµ, ȤÀº ºñÆ®ÄÚÀΰú °°Àº ¾ÏȣȭÆó)ÀÇ µµÀÔÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ°í °áÄÚ ¿µ¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÇöÀç¿Í °°Àº ¸í¸ñÈ­Æó Á¦µµÀÇ Á¸¼ÓÀ» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Àü ¼¼°èÀû Çö»óÀÌ´Ù.  

 

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¸í¸ñÈ­Æó¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Çö ÅëÈ­Á¦µµ´Â ±× °á°ú ±Ç·Â°ú ±×µé°ú ¹ÐÂøÇÑ ¼Ò¼ö°¡ ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸´Â ´ë½Å ´Ù¼öÀÇ °æÁ¦ÁÖüµéÀÌ ¼ÕÇØ¸¦ ÀÔ°í ºÎÀÇ Ã¢ÃâÀÌ ±×¸¸Å­ ÁÙ¾îµé°Ô ÇÑ °æÁ¦±ÇÀÇ ÀüüÀÇ ºó°ïÈ­ °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù. andrewkwlee@naver.com

 

*ÇÊÀÚ/ÀÌ±æ¿ø

 

°æ¿µÇÐ ¹Ú»ç. MBA-American Graduate School of International management. ¿µ³²´ëÇб³ °´¿ø ±³¼ö. Finance Director-Çѱ¹È­ÀÌÀÚ(ÁÖ) CEO-BBX Korea.

 

 

Populist economic policy of power and current monetary system capable of collective corruption

Increase in money supply, the birth of zombie companies and promotion of the economic cycle of recession following boom

-Dr. Gilwon Lee

 

The historical formation process of the current monetary system

 

 The chimpanzee's genetic factors are 99% the same as those of humans. Chimpanzees, however, are self-sufficient with everything they need to live. This suggests that humanity was self-sufficient like chimpanzees in the primitive times. Then, as civilization developed and formed villages to live in communal life, mankind learned that exchanging what they produced as needed would enrich their lives rather than being self-sufficient in producing everything they need. In this way, the exchange and the division of labor by it were naturally established.

 

However, since there was no money to mediate the exchange, the exchange was initially carried out by means of barter. For example, a cattle rancher needs water, but instead of threatening a robber who forcibly controlled the flow of the stream from the upstream to turn the waterway to his or her ranch, instead of giving the bulldog a few livestock to the upstream, he opened his own ranch. I made an offer to let it go.

 

Even from the perspective of the robbers, they realized that it would be better to secure food by receiving livestock instead of bouncing off the water, and to barter to benefit each other. However, it is true that bartering is advantageous to all of the other parties, but it was difficult to find a partner for the exchange because what I have is what the other party needs and what the other party has is what I need.

 

 

So people first learned the wisdom to achieve their purpose by exchanging what everyone needed, that is, what they produced, such as grain, salt, tobacco, etc. in high demand, and then exchanged for what they needed. Grain, salt, tobacco, and precious metals such as gold and silver, used as the medium of this exchange, gradually became the medium of exchange, which became the origin of commodity money. Precious metals such as gold and silver with the highest possible transport, storage, measurement and substitution (the quality is uniform so that no one cares about whoever the producer is), although various commodity currencies were initially used as a medium of exchange. It has come to be used with the same money we use today.

 

However, when trading in large amounts of gold and silver, there were inconveniences such as transportation, storage, and weight measurement, so the so-called Gold Smith appeared, which provided services for solving this problem. As people gradually began to trust the gold depository. When I sold things, I found that there was no problem with using the storage card as it was if I had the deposit certificate received in lieu of gold without exchanging it for gold. This gold vault and the gold vault that issues it are the origins of the banknotes and banks we use today. However, because the gold depository knew from experience that the customer presented the deposit and visited the gold in less than 10% of the total amount, it issued a deposit certificate instead of receiving interest from other people who did not store the gold. This is the issuance of money that is not based on something of any value such as gold as credit currency.

 

Now, the gold depository has become a financial institution that profits from issuing more gold deposits, or banknotes, than the amount it was actually asked to store, and the problem is that those who entrusted the real gold deposits learned of this. So, there was a so-called bank-run phenomenon, in which people all ran to the gold depository to find their own gold before others first went to look for it. In the end, it was the gold standard monetary system, which was adopted by countries around the world after the 19th century, that issued gold deposits, or currency, to a certain level that exceeded the amount of gold stored by the government.

 

However, due to the outbreak of World War I, the value of the currency plunged due to the indiscreet increase in the amount of money used to raise money. And only the United States remained the only gold standard to issue dollars based on gold reserves. However, the United States, which could not withstand the outflow of gold due to the trade deficit, also disappeared the gold conversion of the last remaining US dollar by President Nixon's declaration in 1971, and the monetary system of the world afterwards was issued in the air regardless of any value. It is today's monetary system that has been changed to the monetary system that has become a common currency system, that is, the fiat money system.

 

The fiat currency system creates currency as follows. First, the government issues government bonds, and the central bank that takes over the government bonds issues cash or reserves in electronic form of cash. Of course, since it is not a gold standard, the central bank issues these money out of thin air without any basis for anything of value.

 

Here, commercial banks issue money equivalent to 10 times or more of this money based on the original currency and cash (fractional reserve system). This money is the number in your bank account, the bank deposit, which makes up 97% of the total currency

 

This is the money we usually use. In most cases, government bonds that cause monetary evaporation are issued again to repay the principal when they expire, so once they arise, government debt seldom decreases. In conclusion, the fiat currency system adopted by countries around the world today is that central banks and commercial banks work together to issue money out of the air if the government wants to. It is said that the debts of households and companies in Korea are each exceeding annual GDP. Then, who lent the money?

 

As already explained, this is not money lent by anyone, but is almost always a debt created by money produced in collaboration with central banks and commercial banks. The common people lend the money they saved through hard savings and receive interest, but the current monetary system is that commercial banks print money out of the air with the support of the central bank, lend it, and earn interest income.

 

The boom and bust economic cycle

 

According to the statistics of the Bank of Korea, Korea's money supply (based on M2) has increased by about four times over the past 20 years, and last year, the money supply has increased at an average rate of 0.8 to 1.0% per month compared to the previous month.

 

The increase in the amount of money on this scale is the same as the economic revitalization according to Keynesian theory, resolution of the fiscal deficit, large-scale national projects, various social overhead capital investments conscious of the election season, and the recent 4th disaster support fund following the prevention of Corona-19. Subsidies are the source. The reality of today is that the amount of money is constantly increasing due to the addition of private and corporate loans provided by commercial banks.

 

What will be the result of this continuous increase in money supply? Inflation rises when the money supply increases, while the demand for general consumer goods does not change rapidly, while the released money mainly flows into the asset market (stocks, real estate, etc.), causing the asset price to rise. The recent surge in real estate and stock prices is an example. The increase in the money supply at the same time leads to a decline in interest rates, rather than the consumer's time preference (market interest rate, that is, interest determined by free financial transactions in the market, which is not spent right now, but more expenditure secured later in return for saving). Low interest rates make savings less attractive and hinder savings, or capital accumulation.

 

On the other hand, low interest rates provide entrepreneurs with incentives to invest in irrelevant businesses, resulting in a temporary boom, but this is the birth and boom of zombie companies that lose their business feasibility if prices and interest rates are raised later due to the released money. Following this, it promotes the economic cycle of recession. This is the boom and bust economic cycle advocated by the Austrian economics school. A more serious problem is that the person who secures the unlocked money first buys goods, mainly assets, before the price rises, so that the later gains from an increase in the asset price, while those who do not secure the released money later or at all are already Buying an asset at an elevated price leads to a loss, which intensifies the inequality of wealth (Cantillon Effect).

 

Population economic policy of power and current monetary system enabling collective corruption

 

Why is the populist economic policy conscious of maintaining power a problem? Under the capitalist market economy system, consumers decide the allocation of means of production by sector according to the economic calculation based on market demand, whereas the socialist or social democracy system prioritizes the interests of power over market demands. Because of this, it hinders the accumulation of capital and productivity improvement that makes a free market economy possible. Unfortunately, the current monetary system enables a populist policy that focuses on these political interests of power. One example is the construction of a new airport in Gadeokdo Island, which is more conscious of votes than economic feasibility. In the case of tax increase, it is possible to avoid expected tax resistance and simply secure necessary funds.

 

Globally, the slogan of totalitarianism and socialists, where political interests are always the first consideration, is equalization of wealth. The biggest justification for their enemies of capitalists and businesses for political gain is the perception that capitalists and wealthy entrepreneurs exploit workers, the poor. They are veterans in taking over and maintaining political power by effectively using these ideological causes for propaganda and agitation. Various populist anti-market economic policies based on this equalization hinder the creation of wealth by the private sector and corporations. Examples are the expropriation of land that infringes on private property rights, and excessive taxation such as the recent real estate tax imposed on various voluntary transactions by individuals and companies to generate profits.

 

History has established a dictatorship of powers that are capable of attaining power, monopolizing the land and other property of the people and subserving them as slaves, slaves and commoners. People who lacked power in the struggle for power took it for granted that they served and served their master who had won the battle, and were subject to and ruled by them. Even today, this property of the power group has taken the form of a democratic market economy system, but its essence remains unchanged. It is a global phenomenon.

 

 Next, let's look at the various corruption phenomena of power groups that make the current monetary system possible. One of the factors that motivates people to act is economic gain, or money. When the political justification and the printed money are combined, a small number of power groups easily fall into corruption in order to expand and maintain their power. One example is the preferential treatment for personnel who are close to power in the photovoltaic power generation project to replace the post-nuclear power plant policy.

 

Since government regulations intervene in voluntary investment transactions for the general public to gain profits, fraudulent transactions such as the Lime-Optimus case may occur, leading to unfair transfer of wealth. As an example of absolute corruption, I read an article recently posted on Facebook by a critic, saying that 12 of the Blue House staff were prosecuted and 3 were being investigated.

 

The common characteristics of these phenomena are the fact that power is involved in enacting laws and rules in favor of groups such as individuals, companies or unions with close interests to them, giving priority to specific suppliers, or recruiting positions for the performance of public duties. Greetings, etc. The consequences of any corruption that have occurred are that the minority of those involved will always benefit, while the majority of the population bear all the losses it causes.

 

Many people support because they don't know or disregard that the government's spending is helping them in the first place, and that the government will invade their wealth by the subsequent economic downturn and increase. This is because, above all, certain ideas, policies, and philosophies belong to experts in the field, and the public only influences them through expressions of pros and cons for what the experts have proposed. For this reason the fiat currency system has, they oppose the introduction of the market-chosen monetary system (e.g. gold standard system or cryptocurrency such as bitcoin) and aim for the persistence of the current fiat system, which can never be perpetuated. This is a global phenomenon.

 

Conclusion and summary

 

Unlimited monetary creation by the government's powerful power, albeit with a plausible justification, enables populist policy-making and corruption of power groups, undermining the nature of the free market economy, and consequently reducing the creation of wealth and inequality in the market. Deepen The majority, who are deceived by the few who are close to power, do not know that their interests are being sacrificed, and are influenced by the propaganda and campaigns of the power groups and the minorities close to them to support their power groups.

 

The current monetary system based on fiat currency, as a result, results in poverty of the entire economic sphere, where power and the few who are close to them benefit, but many economic actors suffer damage and the creation of wealth is reduced by that amount. andrewkwlee@naver.com

 

*Writer/Kilwon Lee

 

Doctor of Business Administration. MBA-American Graduate School of International management. Visiting professor at Yeungnam University. Finance Director-Pfizer Korea, CEO-BBX Korea.

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